Political Development

Introduction Political Development involves the use of a number of criteria to enhance political experience. Precisely, the criteria are used to improve the living standards of ordinary people in developing countries. The essay focuses on the criteria used in political development and their associated influence to the living standards of people in Third World Countries. A number of case studies demonstrating the significance of the criteria in fostering political development are also analyzed.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Political Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Political Development Criteria Generally, Political Development can be viewed as the constant effective increase in the potential of a system in response to social transitions and other institutions thus providing an effective communication channel between the population and the government. The development process can be undertaken in thr ee different criteria. These include: structural differentiation, system capabilities and equality tendency. The essay focuses on each of the criteria and their associated significance to the development experience and the lives of people in developing countries. Structural Differentiation It entails complicating societal relations with regard to the law concerning the increase in the diversity of peoples’ activities within the society and emergence of new interests among the diverse groups of individuals within the society. The reaction of political systems should be immediate so as to be effective. An effective political system is therefore characterised by highly specialised political institutes functionality and strong differentiation of its structures (Vasilik 2006). Consequently, the specialisation and functional differentiation level of structures yields the difference between developed and traditional political systems. The idea is based on the similar role played by both complex and simple political systems. Thus structural composition aspect forms the basis of the difference between the political systems since developed systems are more structurally differentiated (Vasilik 2006). The standardised model for socio-economics is used in measuring the relationship between economic development and structural differentiation aspect of political development. According to the model, political involvement is determined by the availability of distinct social resources in a society that bear economic significance. Participation of individuals that are highly educated and earning higher levels of income in political development far much exceeds the participation noted from the opposite group of individuals that are deemed poor and earning lower salaries. It has also been observed that rich persons having higher reputation in the society participate in politics far much more than poor people that occupy low status in the society (Yamada, Kohno Ikeda 2003). Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Consequently, adequacy of such structural resources is dependent on their economic development level. Economic development of a nation consequently transforms the social differentiation structure of its individuals. Therefore, effective political development should be aimed towards ensuring an expansion of opportunities to guarantee mobility of labour, an expansion of training centres to escalate the number of trained labourers and an expansion of the education system that is formal. A government that implements such initiatives transforms the societal social structure. An increase in the number of learned individuals would in return increase their participation in politics thus fostering political development. Highly learned individuals consequently form part of informed personnel that can occupy higher employment levels hence earn high salar ies. Furthermore, structural political development can aim at transforming psychological perspective of members of a society to foster economic development. Structural circumstances define political actions. Internal processes and preferences of an actor fuel political actions. Political participation of members of a society is therefore dependent on their attitudes and beliefs. Consequently, Political Development should be aimed at integrating such cultures and attitudes into the political system so as to enhance political participation. Adequate access to education, media and wealth foster political participation thus enhances political development. Democracy is also fostered by modernisation. Structural differentiation therefore aims at increasing individual involvement in politics. An increase in individual participation in politics fosters political development (D’Souza 1994). Findings on the significance of political participation to economic development The study encom passed a number of societies that is Mainland China, the colonial territory of Hong Kong and Taiwan that exhibited democracy. The type of the regime played a significant role in the modification of individual behaviour of members of the societies. It was observed that the rate of economic development within the entire country was unequal since the development rate in some regions surpassed that of other regions within the same country. Disparity was noted in the distribution of psychological and socioeconomic resources in the country. The difference was attributed to the variations in economic development levels in the regions. From the study, it was evident that the level of government activities in the regions was determined by the available resources. The difference therefore enabled an assessment of the relationship between economic development and political participation.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Political Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The study revealed that China’s development declined as one moved from the coastal region to the mainland provinces and finally to the provinces occupying the northwest region. The per capita Gross Domestic Product range of individual counties from 1993 statistics was 1,036-48,035 Yuan. Results indicated a positive correlation between economic development in mainland provinces and the level of involvement in politics among citizens. 89.4% of individuals in developed areas confirmed participation in politics whereas 80.5% of individuals in less developed regions affirmed motive-based participation in politics. However, the results were different in Hong Kong since there was a negative correlation between the level of participation in politics and economic development. This was attributed to Hong Kong’s poorly developed electoral system. System Capabilities Political development is enhanced by an increase in the capabil ities of the political system. The capabilities include survival acts, innovation and mobilisation. Innovation capability encompasses the ability of a political system to adjust and solve emerging problems and its reaction flexibility to emerging and unpredicted issues. Mobilisation capability entails resource mobility that is both material and human. Resource mobility assumptions include: transforming unclear weights expectations into policies and solid programs, distribution and development of joint action projects, existence of political insights that can offset or adjust weights to fit into certain situations, accumulation of all the required resources and authority on the part of the leaders (Vasilik 2006). Survival capability entails the ability of the political system to implement appropriate specialised socialisation structures that will enable offsetting of the actions of revolutionists and counterculture development. System capability should conform to both the social and technological aspects. Social capability entails the abilities of private and public organisations and the support obtained from cultural and social factors. Significant elements of social capability include: expert competence, management and organisation expertise in macro businesses, ability of markets and other financial institutions to mobilise capital, stakeholders trust and honesty in the development process and the government’s effectiveness and stability in rules enforcement and fostering economic growth (Fagerberg Srholec 2008). Technological capability entails the organisational, economic and social capability required to finance big company investments in the country in a bid to foster economic development. Countries that intend to undergo positive economic development therefore have to possess the abilities (Chandler 1990). However, technological capability can also be achieved through technology exploitation and exploration like in the case of Japan.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Japan’s success was attributed to its ability to link technological innovations with appropriate organisational requirements. Chandler’s perspective used by countries from the West was changed by Japan from â€Å"knowledge and creation† to â€Å"scale and scope†. Absorptive capacity is the other paradigm that can be used in enhancing technological capability of a political system. This refers to the ability of the system to recognise emerging foreign information, integrating it into its system and using the information for productive purposes aimed at fostering economic development (Cohen Levinthal 1990). Further study on the applications of the various technological capability paradigms depicts technological advancements of newly industrialising countries. Technological capability in developing nations was linked to the implementation of suitable technological activities in the 1970s and 1980s. For instance, technological capability transformed Korea fr om being an impoverished nation to a global technological hub within 30 years. Three elements were considered under technological capability. They include innovation, production and investment capabilities. Absorptive capacity was used by the country in achieving technological capability. The paradigm therefore focuses on technology exploitation capability besides research and development (Fagerberg Godinho 2004). Resource mobilisation entails the use of a number of means. These include: manipulation of trade terms, inflation tax, forced savings among others. Tax is a significant factor in state capability and formation. The political dimensions of a political system and state capacity and power parameters are measured by tax as one of the key measuring instruments. Consequently, developing countries should devise appropriate tax systems that foster growth through incentives, meet demands of distribution and collect adequate revenue. According to Toye (2000), state effectiveness an d viability is guaranteed by increased revenue. Tax revenue can be used by the government in infrastructure development and effective delivery of key services that are paramount to economic development. The political system should therefore aim at developing a suitable tax system that will finance its operations thus improve the living standards of citizens. Equality Tendency Criterion for Political Development This involves individual participation in political activities. The traditional submission culture should be transformed into participation culture. The submission culture aimed at ensuring the realisation of administrative responsibilities. On the contrary, the culture of participation entails active engagement into politics regardless of the associated attitudes from distinct institutions. The transition can be realised democratically. Mandatory mobilisation can also be used to effect the transformation. Equality tendency can be achieved through enactment of universal laws that are applicable to all members of a society without discrimination and privileges. The recruitment process of various holders of different state positions should be based on the applicant’s competence rather than being hereditary or limited to a specific group of members of a given class only (Vasilik 2006). However, equality tendency can decrease the capability of a political system. Consequently, in a bid to maintain the capability of the system, the level of political representation and the expression of interests of various groups are limited. The criterion thus focuses on functional differentiation of the institutes of the political system. Political development is thus enhanced when the system integrates the social interests of different groups through deliberate consolidations, aggregating interests using political parties and enhancing political social relations by permitting the acquisition of political information by the media. There are four groups that make up performance possibilities of political systems. They include: development of institutes of the political system that is responsible for logical bureaucracy and unity of the country, global possibility that permits the integration of international standards into the system, involvement possibility that entails the creation of a civil and democratic culture and structure and distribution possibility that provides the network for welfare standards’ circulation and effective coordination among social, economic and political structures. Economic development should correspond to the following dimensions: growth should be noted in the productive capability of the society, individual living standards should be improved significantly and continuously, income and assets distribution should be broadened, health and safety conditions should also be improved, improvement in resource utility and environmental management and improvement in gender equality (Vasilik 2006). The tenets of the democratic theory used to achieve equality tendency include the principles of universal citizenship, equality, popular sovereignty, weight and legality. The political system should aim at transforming authoritarian regimes into democratic ones. This entails extending political rights to individuals of a country, establishing electoral procedures that are limited, permitting self organisation of independent political parties and extending press freedom to enable the acquisition and transmission of certain sensitive political information. Democratic regimes are effective in producing a wide range of benefits thus foster economic development. Furthermore, corruption incidences are not prevalent in democratic regimes. This makes them suitable for economic development (D’Souza 1994). After the Second World War, many developing nations have undergone a series of economic and political developments. The study on the correlation between the development processes of these countries an d the associated democracy is vital to convey the causal relationship between the two variables. Findings of the study indicate that democratic political institutions significantly fostered the process of economic development in the countries. As a matter of fact, the poor are numerous in developing nations. Consequently, successful politics in such regions is dependent on the ability of a political party to address economic development issues of such poor people. Therefore, election of such politicians into the parliament and government will guarantee enactment of laws that will enhance economic development of poor people since politicians have the propensity of gaining support and favour (De Haan Siermann 1996). Therefore, continuous economic development in developing countries coincides with the rate of democratisation. Poverty eradication programs will be implemented by regimes that rely on poor people for their survival. However, the implementation of such programs in develope d nations faces multiple challenges since it involves a lengthy process. It is also evident that democracy emerges with economic development. It is therefore effectively sustained in developed nations rather than developing ones. Basing on another study that was conducted on 135 countries for the study period that is 1950 and 1999, 44 countries remained under dictatorship. 34 countries were observed to have sustained democracy throughout the entire study period. There were transitions in the regimes from dictatorship to democratic and vice versa. Single regime change was noted in 29 countries with 2 countries changing their political regime from democracy to dictatorship and 27 changing from dictatorship to democracy. Double regime transition was noted in 12 countries. The countries that experienced 3, 4, 5 and 6 regime transitions were 5, 5, 3 and 2 respectively. One country that is Argentina experienced 8 regime transitions within the study period (Brass 1986). Results indicated t hat dictatorship regimes faded under a number of circumstances. For instance, some dictatorship regimes collapsed during economic crises whereas others fall as a result of economic development of a country. International forces were also responsible for the crumbling of some dictatorship regimes. However, empirical results indicate that democracy survived in countries that exhibited an increase in economic development and failed in the case where a country’s prosperity either stagnated or declined. With regard to income distribution, a decrease in the income ratio of top-to-bottom individuals of a country enhanced survival of democracy. In summary, democracy fosters economic development since it guarantees effective allocation of resources to all parts of a country (Patti Navarra 2009). Democracy also exhibits effective utility of the allocated resources. This fosters economic development in the country. Political Development should be centred towards establishing democracy regimes to guarantee appropriate resource allocation especially to the disadvantaged regions of a country. Transparency and accountability are also enhanced under democracy regimes rather than dictatorships. Consequently, there is a high chance that a country that adopts democracy as a tool for attaining equality tendency improves the living standards of its citizens (Bardhan 1999; Bardhan 2005). Reference List Bardhan, P 1999, ‘Democracy and Development: A Complex Relationship’, in I Shapiro C Hacker-Cordon (eds), Democracy’s Value, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 93-111. Bardhan, P 2005, ‘Institutions matter, but which ones?’, Economics of Transition, vol. 13, no.3, pp. 499-532. Brass, PR 1986, ‘The Political Uses of Crisis: The Bihar Famine of 1966-1967’, The Journal of Asian Studies, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 245-267. Chandler, AD 1990, Scale and Scope: The Dimension of Industrial Capitalism, Harvard University Press, Cambridge (MA). Cohen, W M Levinthal, DA 1990, ‘Absorptive Capacity: A New Perspective on Learning and Innovation’, Learning and Science Quarterly, vol. 35, no.1, pp. 128-152. De Haan, J Siermann, C 1996, ‘New Evidence on the Relationship between Democracy and Economic Growth’, Public Choice, vol. 86, no. (1-2), pp. 175-198. D’Souza, F 1994, ‘Democracy as a cure for famine’, Journal of Peace Research, vol. 31, no.4, pp.369-373. Fagerberg, J Godinho, MM 2004, ‘Innovation and Catching Up’, in J Fagerberg, D Mowery R Nelson (eds), The Oxford Handbook on Innovation, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 514-544. Fagerberg, J Srholec, M 2008, ‘National innovation systems, capabilities and economic development’, Research policy, vol. 37, no.9, pp. 1417-1435. Patti, DMA Navarra, P 2009, ‘Globalization, democratization and economic growth’, Applied economics letters, vol. 16, no.7, p. 731-734. Toye, J 2000, â₠¬ËœFiscal Crisis and Reform in Developing Countries’, Cambridge Journal of Economics, vol. 24, no.1, pp. 21-44. Vasilik, MA 2006, ‘Political Development: Concept and Criteria’, Political Science. Web. Yamada, Y, Kohno, M Ikeda, K 2003, Influence of Social Capital on Political Participation in Asian Cultural Context, Asian Barometer, Taipei. This essay on Political Development was written and submitted by user Jennifer Z. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Comparison Between Ad Sony’s Bravia X-Series Lcd Television and Nec’s Multeos Lcd Television Essays

Comparison Between Ad Sony’s Bravia X-Series Lcd Television and Nec’s Multeos Lcd Television Essays Comparison Between Ad Sony’s Bravia X-Series Lcd Television and Nec’s Multeos Lcd Television Paper Comparison Between Ad Sony’s Bravia X-Series Lcd Television and Nec’s Multeos Lcd Television Paper Executive Summary This report focuses on advertising appeals and executions as a means for critically analysing the following two products advertisements: Sony’s Bravia X-series LCD Television (Appendix 1) NEC’s Multeos LCD Television (Appendix 2) These products are direct competitors. It is therefore the purpose of this report to comparatively examine several aspects of these advertisements in order to propose conclusions, suggestions and recommendations that may allow Sony’s board of directors to either gain an advantage over its competitors or capitalise on their edge over their competitors, ensuring their future success. After analysis of the advertisements advertising appeals it was discovered that the common and most appropriate choice of appeal approach was informational and rational, presenting this using a feature appeal approach which emphasises the products main attribute or benefit. Each advertisement did so effectively by catering directly to the motives and desires or their target audience. It is recommended that Sony carry this approach and well directed message through to their other promotional activities. An analysis of the advertisements creative execution highlighted that both Sony and NEC had chosen a straightforward and factual style of execution. To enhance this Sony combined this style with another- imagery while NEC presented a subtle example of demonstration advertising. While both directions were well constructed, Sony’s execution was more effective especially in terms of its ability to attract the target market and improve their attitudes toward the brand and product. It is therefore recommended that Sony look to capitalise and build on their success and advantage while remaining aware of NEC’s future actions. Introduction Sony’s Bravia X-Series LCD and NEC’s Multeos LCD are direct competitors. Such products and their print advertisements will be examined by making comparisons, drawing conclusions and putting forward recommendations towards Sony’s management based on the creative strategy of the advertisements. The Sony Bravia X-series LCD televisions are currently Sony’s latest and most technologically advanced range of televisions, released in October 2006. The television is equipped with a Full High Definition (19201080) LCD panel which is powered by the newly developed Bravia Engine Ex. (Speakman 2006). NEC’s Multeos LCD offers a direct substitute to the Bravia, also being equipped with a Full High Definition (19201080) LCD panel. The television has a very sophisticated and high-end design which offers an attractive yet technology-driven television (NEC Australia 2005). Both products offer a suitable product for high-end home entertainment systems but are promoted and advertised to capture slightly different target markets. Sony concentrated on the televisions enhancement of colour eye-catching modern design, thus attracting younger, active and style conscious consumers (Appendix 5 6). In contrast NEC have focused on the LCD’s technical features and sophisticated design, attracting slightly older consumers who are well informed and have a strong desire to enhance their current home entertainment systems. (Appendix 7) Advertising Appeals Advertising appeals are a critical element for any company to consider when constructing creative advertising strategies. The approach is based upon considering an appropriate focus which will be most effective in grabbing the attention of the target consumers. Focuses include either informational/rational appeals or emotional appeals. These allow the company to concentrate on relating the advertisement to the potential customer’s feelings and attitudes toward their product and brand (Belch Belch 2007). Both Sony and NEC have appropriately utilised informational and rational appeals as a focus for their advertisements. Each advertisement does so by representing the product’s features, functions and benefits (Wells, Moriarty Burnett 2006). This approach is appropriate to the product at hand- a high involvement LCD Television. As they are high-involvement products customers would be most drawn to advertisements that not only attract them but more importantly inform them of what the product has to offer in terms of its features and benefits. Thus using a rational and informative approach it allows the advertisement to be focused on such factors and achieve customer satisfaction. In support of this is a theory proposed by Vaunghn regarding the ‘Foote, Cone and Belding’ (FCB) Grid. The grid is based upon the idea of product involvement versus the thoughts or feelings of consumers (Ratchford 1987). Ratchford’s interpretation of this grid states that the first quadrant- high involvement/thinking, led to consumers making decisions ‘characterised by a high level of involvement†¦suggesting a need for informative advertising’ (1987. p. 24). In further support of this is proof that a rational appeal approach is more effective when advertising for high-involvement products. This was revealed through a experimental study. It highlighted a trend toward rational appeal advertisements for high involvement products leading to consumers expressing a greater intention toward buying the brand or product as opposed to advertisements focused on emotional appeals (Holmes Crocker 1987). Thus it is clear that the choice for Sony and NEC to present a rational and informational appeal focused advertisement is suitable and has been proved successful. However the level of effectiveness is highly dependant on the execution styles and creative tactics utilised to enhance such an approach. Each advertisement has implemented the rational and informational appeal approach by focusing on a feature appeal, where the advertisement focuses on presenting the central trait of the product (Belch Belch 2007). While each product shares a common and central trait which sets the stage for direct competition (a full high definition (19201080) LCD panel), each advertisement presents this approach in different manners. Sony’s advertisement chooses to focus on one of the products specific benefits- enhancement of colour, as expressed through the powerful visual and subtle headline, ‘Colour like no other’ (Appendix 1). On the other hand, NEC have taken this a step further by emphasising the products main feature as the main benefit which is cleverly depicted through the headline: ‘let’s make one thing PERFECTLY CLEAR†¦this is TRUE HIGH DEFINITION’ (Appendix 2). In addition each has utilised body copy to further present the rational and informational appeals of the advertisement. NEC have done so by focusing on several features and benefits that the Multeos provides. On the other hand Sony’s advertisement has executed this in a much more detailed manner by providing body copy which has succinctly and informatively explained the main feature of the BRAVIA that provides the proposed benefit. The effectiveness of Sony’s approach over NEC’s is supported by Batra, Myers and Aaker who believe that effective body copy presents ‘facts and figures and believable details instead of generalities’ (1996, pg 423). Thus it is believed that Sony have presented their use of rational and informational appeals in a specific yet effective approach as opposed to NEC who have taken on a general approach, focusing on breadth rather than depth. In considering this, Sony must ensure that this approach is carried on as effectively through their additional campaign and promotional activities, constantly keeping in mind ways to best address their target market and do justice to its products. Advertising Execution Once an advertisements appeal has been chosen and its message has been established, the advertiser must consider styles of execution. Sony and NEC have followed fairly similar paths when considering their execution, with both advertisements using a factual message, as defined by Belch and Belch (2007), also known as a straightforward approach according to Wells et al. (2006). This execution style is very appropriate due to its common use for high-involvement products as well as for informational and rational appeal based advertising. This is supported by Belch and Belch (2007) who believe the style allows for the message to solely focus on the feature appeals and attributes of the product in a straightforward and obvious manner. Sony and NEC have executed such a style appropriately, presenting a large image of the product accompanied by facts and further information within the body copy. However a more critical analysis highlights some important insights. In regards to Sony, their advertisement for the Bravia LCD television is simple in its message while vibrant in its execution, considering not only the straightforward method of execution but also bringing in another style- imagery (Belch Belch 2007). They have combined such approaches to produce an image dominated short copy advertisement. Imagery is defined by MacInnis and Price as ‘a process†¦by which sensory information is represented in working memory’ (Burns, Biswas Babin 1993 p. 71). In other words, imagery involves the use of strong visuals which often trigger and stimulate the viewers senses i. e. sight, hearing, touch, taste and smell (Burns et al. 1993). Sony have utilised such a powerful communication method as a means of emphasising the benefit gained from the Bravia LCD television- enhanced colour. The advertisement features fuchsia coloured paint in mid air protruding out of the television and filling space surrounding it (Appendix 1). This is an effective use of imagery as the image easily stimulates the human sense of sight, attracted by the vibrant colour and abstract photography thus attracting their target market and enticing them into the body copy. Most importantly the advertisement and its use of imagery has cleverly tapped into their target markets motives, that is, a younger demographic that is behaviourally more attracted to appearances and design (Appendix 6). The effectiveness of this is supported by Scott Batra who believe that initial exposure to imagery and attractive images has a positive affect on the targeted consumers leading to ‘increased familiarity’ of the brand and product however, further exposure can lead to an adverse affect where consumers interests may ‘wear out’ reducing positive affects (2003, p. 91). Notwithstanding, the use of imagery and its effectiveness in capturing the attention of its audience has also been proved through experimental studies. Such studies show that the use of imagery within print advertisements leads to ‘positively affecting’ and ‘favourably influencing’ consumer’s attitudes toward the product and brand (Babin Burns 1997, p. 33). Thus, it is important for Sony to consider the effectiveness of such execution styles while remaining aware of the level at which they use such imagery. This will enable them to ensure they keep their target market attracted and interested, leave them wanting more rather than less. Similarly, NEC have also combined the straightforward/factual approach with another, although- demonstration advertising. The advertisement presents a large image of the Multeos LCD demonstrating its full high definition monitor, showing an image of dripping water and the subsequent ripples on the LCD (Appendix 2). This has incorporated an element of demonstration by showing the product in use and demonstrating the perceived benefits of the product, providing proof of the advertisements message (Belch Belch 2007). While the demonstration aspect of the advertisement is subtle, the use of appropriate visuals and support of a clever headline has lead to effective execution which will subsequently attract readers due to its aesthetic attractiveness. However, the advertisements overall execution lacks effectiveness as the message presented through the visual and headline has not been carried through to the body copy as effectively to truly convince their target market of the advertisements message and provide them with what they need- information. Aside from the creative execution of this advertisement it must be noted that NEC have made a very simple and fundamental error in their overall execution. The model of LCD featured within the advertisement is named ‘Multeos’ according to the NEC Australia (2005) however within the ad they have misspelt it as ‘Multieos’. Such an error misguides their customers who find the advertisement appealing and convincing enough that they attempt to perform further research. If performed through the internet they will most likely find themselves unable to find the product. This error could therefore cause damage to the company as well as the success of the product and advertisements. Overall, whilst the straightforward execution method can be effective on its own, both Sony and NEC have taken the execution a step further by combining the basic style with another that will enhance the advertisements attractiveness and effectiveness. Sony have done so most effectively by taking on a consumer focused approach producing an advertisement that is likely to capture their market more effectively. However to ensure Sony build on this advantage and superiority they must ensure they do not over use such execution styles, using imagery in moderate manners. In addition, Sony should also consider NEC’s execution blunder as a lesson in ensuring that the fundamental and mandatory aspects of their advertisements are executed with an increased level of thought and careful action. Conclusions and Recommendations After a critical analysis of competing advertisements- Sony’s Bravia and NEC’s Multeos LCD Televisions, many insights have been discovered and conclusions made regarding the advertisements appeals and execution styles. While the advertisements followed the same paths in many respects Sony’s advertisement has emerged as the most effective in terms of it use of appeals and its specific yet striking execution. In spite of this, NEC have produced an attractive and relevant advertisement, but due to fundamental errors and failures to connect to their target market on a deeper level than Sony, they fell short of their competitors. Considering this it is possible that NEC will attempt to take their original approach a step further or renew their approach in order to re-establish their message. Thus it is important that Sony remain aware of NEC’s movements and improvements whilst also focusing on capitalising on their success. Sony must ensure that they carry their current Bravia advertisements simple yet specific messages, established based on the rational and information advertising appeals, through to other forms of promotion and advertising that they explore and utilise. In doing so they must consider effective and clever execution styles that endeavour to keep their target market interested and wanting more, as done so through their combination of a factual/straightforward and imagery execution styles. However they must remain aware of the level at which this is performed to ensure they do not overload their target market with such styles to a point where they begin losing interest. Reference List Babin, A. L. , Burns, A. C. 1997, ‘Effects of print ad pictures and copy containing instructions to imagine on mental imagery that mediates ttitudes’, Journal of Advertising, vol. 26, no. 3, pg. 33 (12 pages). Batra, R. , Myers, J. G. , Aaker, D. A. 1996, Advertising management 5th edn, Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Belch, G. E. , Belch, M. A. 2007, Advertising and promotion: An integrated marketing communication perspective 7th edn, McGraw-Hill/Irwin, New York. Burns, A. C. , Biswas, A. , Babin, L. A. 1993, ‘The operation of visual imagery as a mediator of advertising effects’, Journal of Advertising, vol. 22, no. 2, pg. 71 (15 pages). Clulow, C. 1993, ‘New families? Changes in societies and family relationships’, Sexual and Marital Therapy, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 269-273. Derwent Howard Advertising, 2001, T3 rate card, Derwent Howard, Sydney, 6 April 2007, http://www2. derwenthoward. com. au/files/T3_Ratecard. pdf Holmes, J. H. , Crocker, K. E. 1987, ‘Predispositions and the comparative effectiveness of rational, emotion and discrepant appeals for both high involvement and low involvement products’, Academy of Marketing Science Journal, vol. 15, no. 1, pg. 27 (9 pages). NEC Australia Pty Ltd. 2005, Full HD LCD display, NEC Australia, Victoria, 8 April 2007, ec. com. au/product_search. aspx? term=Multeos Ratchford, B. T. 1987, ‘New insights about the FCB grid’, Journal of Advertising Research, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 24 – 38. Scott, L. M. , Batra, R. 2003, Persuasive imagery: A consumer response perspective, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc. , London, 16 April 2007, http://books. google. com. au/books? id=A28e1NTA- lwCdq=book+scott+and+batrapg=PP1ots=jGUFd4AJ9esig=1n7xXLafjiokcxZYUnTckxHMAykprev= google. com. au/search%3Fhl%3Den%26q%3Dbook%2Bscott%2Band%2Bbatra%26meta%3Dsa=Xoi=printct=resultcd=1#PPR3,M1

Performance Standards and Appraisals Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Performance Standards and Appraisals - Term Paper Example In my workplace, performance appraisal is an ongoing process whereby employees are evaluated in a constant basis. The role of performance appraisal in my workplace falls solely on the nurse managers. It is done in the form of an interview whereby both the employee being evaluated and the nurse manager fills a performance appraisal form on the employees performance. Performance in all areas is evaluated and employees are gauged in a scale of one to five with one denoting poor performance and five denoting excellent performance. This, according to Laureate Education Inc (2006) is important as managers may have divergent views in regard to the performance of an employee. This also fosters dialogue between the manager and the employee aimed at ensuring the employee understands all the aspects of the evaluation (Laureate Education Inc, 2006). Areas of weakness are identified and strategies are implemented to help improve employees performance for instance through training. All through the process, the manager conducting the appraisal documents the process through taking notes which are then co-signed by the employee being evaluated. Performance standards in my workplace are created in collaboration with employees. This is important as engaging employees in designing performance standards fosters a better understanding of the standards and guidelines and hence they are more likely to exceed expectations in their performance (Laureate Education Inc, 2006). The manager guides the employees in identifying behaviors and attitudes that are beneficial and constructive, and those that could have negative implications. These performance standards in my workplace are communicated through trainings, either on-the-job training or formal trainings. Effectively training employees enables them to understand and comprehend what they are expected to accomplish and achieve in their jobs (Laureate Education Inc, 2006). One of the strengths of this appraisal system in my workplace is